The island of Ortygia or Ortigia in Siracusa or Syracuse has a lot going for it, including even an orange lady (for the Syracuse Orange fans). A fine, pure, baroque duomo in one of the most picturesque piazzas in Italy. Old traditions like the still functioning puppet theater. One of the only places in the world where you can still find papyrus plant (to make special paper and sandals. picture below). Europe’s oldest Mikvah which we inexcusably missed (wait till my rabbi finds out about this). A plethora of caves and beautiful scenery surrounding the island, allowing for fun boat trips where the guides only speak three English words.. “Small Port, Large Port”. The cool limestone cave known as the Ear of Dionysius (name given by Caravaggio) that feels like a religious experience when you approach it due to the guides chanting inside the cave. One of the liveliest and best markets I’ve seen (see my walk with a local chef in case you missed it). And truly fantastic dining like Sveva and Macalle offering sensational local mussels, and more.
Italy
L’Arco Dei Cappuccini – Hidden Gem in Taormina
As is the case with just about any super touristy city, our best meal in Taormina was outside of the tourist path. Not only did it best the much more famous, highly anticipated dinner at Tischi Toschi (which wasnt even known by our hosts), but special Brownie Points are given for flat out curing me out of my misery. Ok, lets rewind this one to one of the biggest mistakes of the trip with this very important tip…
If you head to Taormina and wish to climb to Santuario Madonna della Rocca, which will seem fairly short according to Google, make sure its a) Not over 90 degrees, and b) The church is open! The only thing this tiring shadeless climb accomplished was slightly increase the radius of my bald spot. And no one warned me that the views from the top were not a whole lot more dramatic than the views from the quarter way up. An hour later, before munching on the excellent Da Cristina Arancini, the heat started to get to me. I even remember hallucinating, seeing a bar named Ziggy in the area, though my family still claims it was a real place. Do I cancel lunch plans? Never! The show must go on.
Taormina, for much of its recent history was a popular playground for the English aristocrats. Today, its still a major British hub, some of which make it their yearly summer destination. At L’Arco we had a nice chat with a British gentleman who vacations in Taormina every year for the past 17 years. He told us that L’Arco Dei Cappuccini, is one of his favorite seafood restaurants in Europe. That statement started to show more merit after he told us about his travels, and after the first few bites of that Octopus Carpaccio.
Its most likely the finest Octopus Carpaccio I ever had. They press octopus into this huge cube (the waiter brought one from the kitchen to show us), smoke it and slice it into this thin silky smooth mortadella like slices and drizzle with olive oil. Simply phenomenal! Fresh langoustine, crumbed with deliciousness and baked was sweet and succulent. More awesomeness from the Primis. Fresh tagliatelle with zucchini flowers and grouper tasted so light and heavenly. And more tagliatelle with tuna that tasted almost like sausage. An extremely enjoyable light lunch
And yes, felt much better after that. Maybe I needed a break, who knows, but this meal saved an otherwise lackluster afternoon. Until we got to Ortigia at least.

This is Segesta (And Erice)
The picture of my daughters and I laboring up an Erice alley is exactly what it looks like. We are not checking for dog poop. This was the tail end of a brutally hot day that involved hiking to the majestic Segesta temple. I thought I could handle the Sicilian July heat everybody warned me about, but this was hot. To give you an indication, when it was time to take a food break in Erice, we had no other choice but go to a tourist trap. We were seated on a touristy terrace with other tourists, given overpriced tourist menus (Caprese salad!), and then gave them our money and soul.
But this was still a good day. Segesta blew us away with its beauty and setting. Once a Greek powerhouse, one of many in Sicily, whose pride and overconfidence left it badly defeated. Now whats left is a roofless temple, and a Greek theater with that classic Greek theater style setting. The best I’ve seen.
Meanwhile Erice, perched on a mountain, not a hill, was surprisingly quiet for such a major tourist attraction. Its home to the famous Pasticceria Maria Grammatico, Sicily’s sweets jewel founded by a nun who grew up in an orphanage in Erice. Nuns are responsible for much of the desserts found all over Sicily.

Salmoriglio (Agrigento) – Valley of the Awesomeness
Yesterday I was having lunch with an old friend, and a new friend, and we were discussing my favorite subject in great length, Italy. There was a moment during the conversation where I tried to convey that between all the sights, scenery, and everything that Italy has to offer, at the end of the day my favorite thing to do there is simply eat. Those are the moments that stay with me longer than anything else. I explained how two trips ago, I realized that a day that includes a 3 hour lunch, and a stroll in a small town or winery, is as magical to us than a day filled with sightseeing. The old friend seemed to understand, while the new friend struggled to relate to such nonsense, but did try her best
Take Salmoriglio, a gem in between two of Sicily’s biggest gems. The jaw dropping, magnificent Scala dei Turchi, and the mind blowing, inspiring Valley of the Temples. I was inspired to find water quickly (it was hot), while Mrs Z found her inspiration in the green statue in front the Temple of Concordia. She was very worried that it’s temporary would be missing, and we all dodged a meltdown as big as when the pissing fountain in Prague wasnt pissing. But what made the day so perfect was what we did in between those two star attractions. A meal that was only bested by one particular dinner about 20 minutes off Trapani a few days later. Its just one of those meals that felt so perfect that day. And when you look back at the pictures, and go “hey, remember this octopus?” or “hey remember the Gnocchi?” only to get a “Yes, I remember, now can you stop with your food porn and finish emptying the dishwasher already” Yes dear!
Considering this was lunch in the middle of the week, Salmoriglio in the port town of Porto Empedocle, wasnt exactly buzzing this time. But a quick look at the kitchen, and the empty rooms inside suggests that the place buzzes often. We sat outside on the pleasant sidewalk setup, while a team of 4 cooks carefully and masterfully assemble dishes behind the glass. You get a sense of Michelin type attention to detail without the Michelin prices. No tourists in sight, almost zero English spoken, but we managed fine with hand signals and my ever so improving “Menu Italian”.. “Ahh, “Uova al Forno?” Thats “Menu Italian” for “Are the eggs baked”?
We started with a stunning assortment of raw goodies that included scampi, snapper tartare, bacalao, tuna, oysters, and more of that sweet goodness gambero rosso we couldnt get enough of during the trip. Sliced octopus with olives, capers tomatoes was simple octopus perfection. Gnocchi with bright fresh red sauce, cheese and basil was outstanding. Why similar dishes dont taste the same back home? Ingredients. Their signature spaghetti with Ricci (sea urchin) delivered richness and flavors I haven’t experienced from Ricci before. A plate of grilled seafood including just about the best swordfish steak I ever had, more gambero rosso, scampi, calamari and an outrageously delicious baby octopus. At this point I realized that I prefer the gambero rossos (red shrimp) slightly cooked instead of raw, which gives it a little texture. Raw is great, but sort of too limp in comparison. A truly fantastic meal
Macallè – A Gem Well Hidden in Ortigia, Siracusa
One of the joys of travel to me, not so much to others, is the time spent researching the destination. Reading food blogs, online magazines, finding those obscure dining spots, stores, attractions. That new gelato shop that was just opened by a master ice cream maker and not quite on the tourist trail yet. All part of the fun. Other travelers we talk to derive no pleasure out of this. And for some of them, the research process can be a painful chore, like folding laundry, or changing diapers. Grandpas diapers. The one thing I learned however over the years is that staying flexible and going with the flow is equally as important. And no matter how much research you do, you may somehow bump into a Macallè, a place that makes you look silly, with all that research dimmed just about useless.
Researching Sicily is more challenging than mainland Italy due to lack of information out there. Tourism in general is a fairly new concept for Sicilians, and Italians visiting Sicily. Its like mainland Italy 20 years ago. There are practically no food blogs written by locals. To find the right places you need to make local friends quickly, and in the case of Macallè, friends in high places. After our tour of the market with chef Lele, I was essentially at his disposal. First stop was Pani_Co for some local beer tasting, followed by dinner at Macallè where Lele consults.
Macallè, just like 99% of the restaurants we visited in Sicily, is a family affair. Chef Maurizio, Margherita, and son run a tight ship in a corner of Ortigia not too frequented by tourists. I didnt think its possible on this island but you may not see one tourist walking by in this corner unless he’s lost and trying desperately to get back. When I asked Maurizio how a visitor like me would find this place without the help of a Lele, he said I would need to stay in one of the few area hotels that recommends it. This is the definition of “Hidden Gem”. And while the place gets generally high praise on Trip Advisor, the TA algorithm that takes into account the quantity of reviews, ranks Macallè fairly low as of this writing. In Sicily, more than anywhere else, Trip Advisor is king. Because there’s not much else.
Chef Maurizio created a playful, whimsical take on Sicilian cuisine. He’s very proud and passionate about his ingredients, and in Slow Food style explains where this and that came from and why. The menu options include a “Leave it to Macallè” 30 euro 4 courser which we took advantage of, and a la carte items like the sensational chicken. You will be hard pressed to find a juicier, more flavor packed bird. It was so good we ordered it twice, something as rare as the Olympics. Buttery swordfish, pistachio bruschetta with raw Gambero Rosso (red shrimp) from Mazara and white scampi set the tone nicely early on. Clams with mussels, gnocchi in a delicious clear broth. After several meals on the island, I realize that Mussels is the one must eat especially in the summer. That saltiness and flavor stays with you hours later even at the most inappropriate times! Marinated Squid cooked in three stages, sitting on top of a small hockey puck of mashed potato shows the attention to details here. Perfectly sautéed tuna on a bed of delicious peppers with sweet sautéed onions. To make peppers taste this good requires some work and a lot of love. The kids enjoyed their own Bruschetta (same as ours), the magnificent chicken, and Tagliolini with shrimp and shrimp broth. Easily our favorite meal in Ortigia.
Macallè
Via Santi Coronati 42/44, Syracuse
Our Etna Day with Davide
First I will attempt to put this day in perspective. If for some ever reason, on the way to our hotel, I would have gotten kidnapped, blindfolded, and left in a room somewhere where I would get abused in ways I can not describe for 15 days. All while able to watch only reruns of Full House, and eat nothing but olives and 2 day old bread. It still would have been a good day.
I may have to dig the archive or consult with Eating With Ziggy Historians to see if I ever wrote about a tour guide before. I recall writing about some special accommodations, and experiences, but never really about a particular guide or an experience quite like this. Guides are becoming a bigger part of our travels which is ironic in a way since its easier than ever these days to research a destination. I think it was in Portugal when we realized that guides provide much more than information about the subjects you hire them for (food, attractions, etc). Guides can also help you connect with the local culture, and provide you with an experience that is a lot more meaningful than doing it on your own.
As a result, wife and I had our share of tours over the years. Some private, some not so. Some guides we found are extremely knowledgeable, but then turn into encyclopedic funeral directors who put you to sleep. Some are fun and pleasant to be around, but are not that engaging with kids. We basically figured out that the most important trait of a guide is not something you can detect from email exchanges or even reviews. Personality! Ok, enough reviews do help, but they can easily mislead when guides are likable. Though in the case of Davide of Continente Sicilia, out of 121 Trip Advisor reviews as of this writing, only one is lower than 5 stars (4 stars)
You can not possibly design a better tour guide. Recent deregulation now allow anyone to essentially become a tour guide of Mt Etna, and as a result Mt Etna tourism simply took off. These days most tours out there are operated by knowledgeable but unlicensed guides hoarding tourists on buses, or jeep around the mountain in areas where vehicles arent permitted. Davide was already licensed before the recent deregulation took place, and is one of a few “Licensed” tour guides remaining. Did I hype this guy to unmet expectations already? Good! 😉
I even put full trust in Davide with more serious matters. Breakfast! Davide and Lya run the comfortable Agon, a B&B just outside Taormina, by the sea. Convenient with a car, quiet, and spectacularly fresh baked goodies on offer in the morning courtesy of La Dolceria in nearby Giardini Naxos. After the tour when Davide learned about my struggles to find Gelsi Neri (Mulberry) Granits (first world problems), he took us straight to the bakery where the Granita was fresher than the one in the famed Caffè Sicilia in Noto
We started the day at Alcantara Gorge for the first wow moment of the day and the entire trip really. We kept struggling with the name (including my Auto-correct), and kept calling it Alcatraz. I was fully expecting Davide to take us to the touristy location you see on TA, but instead he took us to a remote location without a human in sight. It was just us, and 5 very surprised cows, the only Alcatraz inmates. Davide explained the geology of the area, and the rich fauna and flora, much of which we witnessed. Then we briefly stopped at the picturesque Castiglione di Sicilia, and Linguaglossa (literally means Tongue Tongue) nearby where we picked up sandwiches and tasted some of the most delicious baked ricotta we ever had.
The hike on Etna Nord couldn’t have been more perfect. We walked about 6-8 km which was a good fit for my family. The way I tell the degree of fun is by the amount of “are we there yet” “what’s next”, “when do you think we’ll back, I have to check how many likes I got on the picture I took yesterday” from the youngest. Zero! Not a word, as she was not only having a blast, but found new and improved selfie opportunities. We take full advantage of our National Parks in the USA, and this was as spectacular as it gets. Steep at times but manageable. The contrast of the colors, the craters, the fractures, the dead Lord of the Rings trees (it will catch on, you heard it here first). At the top of a crater (one of many) every 50 meters yielded a different spectacular view. Davide provided walking sticks that came in handy
At one point while walking behind Davide I saw him pick up a small water bottle cap from the ground which seemed a little strange when taking into account the massiveness of this place. His knowledge and love for this mountain is very evident. Quite possibly the most easy going, fun to be around guide we’ve ever met. One you want to be friends with, and who is interested in you just as much as the tour. A tour full of intangibles, like the knowledge and understanding we got about Palermo and its struggles with the mafia. A tour I cant recommend enough

This is Palermo
Even my Google Maps app was in a confused state as my taxi raced through traffic, seemingly going the wrong way. Our female driver just smiled and said “Welcome to Palermo”. The only time she slowed down was when we passed Giovanni Falcone’s monument for me to take a quick picture. The site of perhaps the most famous mafia assassination in history, which changed Palermo forever. Falcone’s friend and fellow judge Paolo Borsellino who spoke at the funeral, was killed in similar fashion 57 days after his friend’s death. The airport is named after both heroes.
Palermo is misunderstood. Just like most of Sicily pretty much. Its old, its gritty, its congested, and its old! The same can be said to much of metropolitan Europa, but it feels different here. Emphasis on different, which is essentially why we travel. This blogger compares it to India, and I can understand why. Strangely, some of my favorite moments in Palermo came from the times when my daughters were slightly terrified. Like when we witnessed the scene at Mercato Vucciria at night – an intestine, seafood, clubby, smoky BBQ orgy extravaganza. A scene we only see in movies, never in Italy. Different! Like our neighbor restaurant Il Pipino Rosso (the red penis) and its slightly disturbing logo. This heat made me only imagine that when the Pipino committee met to discuss the name, someone showed up with a horrific heat rash.
On this post, I will touch on some of the obvious (markets, churches), and some of the not so (fountain, dog droppings, red penises, etc). You probably already heard about Palermo’s legendary street food and market scene. Panelle, the Sicilian falafel, alone with a drizzle of lemon, or as a sandwich (Pane E Panelle), or with fried potato croquettes (Pane E Panelle Con Croquette Di Patate) quickly became our snack of choice. It sounds and looks bland, but yet another example of “Dont judge a food by its cover”. It also holds true for peaches. The uglier the better, while the most beautiful often come without substance (AKA The Paris Hilton syndrome).
The Sicilian peaches in July are outrageously aromatic and sweet. At the bustling Capo market while I was busy admiring the fishy creatures from Mazara for too long, my family would simply hold a peach 5 meters out to the direction of where I’m supposed to go. But just like with the Oritgia Market, one needs to spend some quality time (alone preferred) with the Rialto-like seafood displays. Make sure to come to Capo early, Ballaro before 13:00, and Vucciria at night for the party. If you’ve seen markets and “shuks” like in Israel and Barcelona, these markets may not exactly shock, but interesting nonetheless.
The usual suspects in Palermo… the magnificent, jaw dropping, slap your sister Cathedral. The awe inspiring, splendid, slap your other sister Cappella Palatina. And the only in Palermo, elegant Oratorios, are reasons enough to spend a few days. The recently Unescoed Cefalu and Monreale nearby means make it 4 days. You will pass by the cathedral a few times, and get mesmerized by its majestic magnificence as if you are seeing it for the very first time each and every time.. staring, admiring, selfying… until you step on dog poop.
Ziggy’s Palermo Dog Poop Survival Guide:
Do not despair. The Palermian dog poop, perhaps due to the seafood and Panelle diet doesn’t smell too harsh. Think 3 week old asparagus meets Bengay. Pick a nice looking square with pretty cobble stones and a place to rest. Chance are there’s some water on the ground there. Have someone in your family pick up little spoons off the ground, the spoons used for granitas and ice crea, they are everywhere. Gently remove the poop with the spoons. Use that bottle of water you are carrying if you have to. The square may have a different meaning to you when you next pass by as it loses its charm a bit, but thats the small price you pay
The summer heat also means discovering things you may otherwise overlook. Like the Orto Botanico di Palermo with its ancient trees (including oldest in Europe), and Zucchini shape trees (Maybe I was just hungry). Its location near the train station also means discovering the Palermo Chinese wholesale district, just in case you need to buy handheld fans for 100 of your closest friends. You can also cool off at the Fontana Pretoria, where up close it transforms into one of the most photogenic fountains in Italy. There’s even a “Costanza Pose”. When I posed in similar fashion on one of the fountain steps, Mrs Z said a policeman watching from the corner whistled to get off. Or was he just admiring? We’ll never know.
Our entire Sicilian schedule centered around one particular event, the Santa Rosalia Festino. This is arguably Sicily’s biggest festival, with concerts, fireworks, races, and various parades throughout the week. And the grand finale, July 14, where the entire town, and 1000’s of tourists come out to see Rosalia slowly parade down Vittorio Emanuele. The energy, the anticipation, the emotion was heart felt. I hope my rabbi will understand
When you take a close look at the history of Palermo, it may seem like everyone and their mother invaded Palermo at some point. Arab influence is more evident here than anywhere else especially when it comes to the wonderful cuisine. They brought in the citrus fruits, raisins, fennel, sugar, and introduced the Arab “Shuks” (markets). You may see some sort of an Arab influence in almost every dish in Palermo and elsewhere.
At Ferro Di Cavallo we started our Panelle relationship, and enjoyed Spaghetti with seafood and a fine spaghetti with squid ink, among other less memorable dishes.
The father and son team of A’Cuncuma dazzled us with colorful flavors, while mom was home with fever. This is Haute Palermo, a playful homage to Palermo classics. We enjoyed more raw Gamberoni, and fresh fish which we couldnt get enough of in Sicily. A duller, lighter version of Pasta Con la Sarde was missing its oomph, but everything else worked ]. In particular, the perfectly cooked Fassone beef from Piedmont. You can’t get this stuff in NYC. The closest is Fassone-like cattle from Montana

Turns out there’s also good pizza in Palermo, like at Ciccio Passami l’Olio. Unlike the rest of Sicily’s notables, here its a lighter, airier fare with cleverly assembled ingredients. Out of the three we tasted, the mortadella with pistachio, tomato and various cheeses stood out. Our favorite Pizza in sicily
But our favorite meal in Palermo came courtesy of La Cambusa. Originally recommended by a trusted waitress from Mercato (NYC) who grew up in Palermo. Being in the center, it does attracts a fair number of tourists, and evidently… clowns. A misunderstanding led to double the house white we wanted (bigger than a bottle) which turned out to be a fun challenge. The previous day in Trapani I ordered a fish sandwich instead of peach juice in a cafe, but my Menu Italian is getting better. As a result of all the drinking, I was desperately trying to avoid eye contact with the clown. Pasta con le Sarde here was outstanding. Same dish featured in the last Travel and Leisure issue (as of this writing). The raisins, fennel, breadcrumbs, pine nuts, sardines resulted in this sweet richness we’ve never tasted in pasta before. Vongole was one of the better Vongoles of a Vongole filled trip. Rabbit loin was tender and juicy, but the branzino baked with potato stole the show among the secondis


Visiting the Egadi Islands
This was confusing to research, but turned into one of our favorite days. Allow me to help the confused in the future.
You are faced with several options. Which of the three islands? how long in each? By a boat excursion or on my own? Should I pre-purchase boat tickets? Of course we are all different, and we all travel differently, but this plan worked wonders for us.
The boat excursions sounded like a fun, stress free way of visiting the islands. But the more I looked into this, exploring the islands on our own sounded superior in many levels. The islands are just too beautiful for a quick timed stop. We opted to visit Favignana and Levanzo.
First order of business, purchase the tickets at Liberty Lines in advance. Recently two companies merged to make this purchase a lot more convenient, and tickets do sell out sometimes. Arrive at the port, present your vouchers, and you get your tickets. They ask you to pick up your tickets 30 minutes prior, but I dont think its a hard rule. We opted for the 8:30 boat from Trapani to Favignana (30 mins), 14:00 From Favignana to Levanzo (10 mins), and 17:00 from Levanzo to Trapani (45 mins through Favignana). The one caution: When taking the ferry from Favignana to Levanzo, once you arrive, you may naturally feel like waiting for some green light, or someone to tell you you may leave. That will not come. You need to get up and leave, otherwise, you leave with the rest of the passengers to Trapani. You may be the only one getting off. Get off!
Five hours in Favignana, and three hours in Levanzo seemed about right. In Favignana, the closest and most visited island, biking is king. Rent bikes and explore. And by explore I mean make sure to make it to the stunning Cala Rossa. Or you can try to hire a taxi as we did, and for about 60 euros, give you a tour of the island, drop you off at Cala Rossa, and pick you up at a designated time. We spent 90 minutes which felt about right, maybe another 30 would have been perfect. He took us to see other beaches, coves and a very curious Cave Bianche Hotel, essentially a resort inside a giant hole. Other than that you can visit the beach near the port (walk right), The Tonnara (tuna factory), and the charming little town where you can grab a bite.
On Levanzo, you have Egadi’s biggest, and most important attraction, the cave paintings of Grotta del Genovese. You can try to schedule it in advance or just ask for some info at the bar, or the popup info desk (just a girl greets and helps new arrivals) when you arrive. We opted against doing it, and instead take the 20 or so minute trek to the Cala Minnula. This is another rocky cove with crystal clear water and the added bonus of a forest and picnic tables right there. Just walk right (there’s only one way), until you see the sign at about the half way point. The other big attraction in Levanzo is the picturesque little village you’ll see as soon as you get off the boat. In a way, with only 400 inhabitants, and no hotels, this is the more memorable island.
Ristorante Al Boccone – Marzamemi
Sometimes the best laid plans are the ones you make that morning, after Modica coffee, or inside a stunning Baroque cathedral. Not months prior while eating leftover General Tso’s Chicken. To Noto or Not to Noto was the question I’ve been wrestling with the most during planning. Decision was final, until Mrs Ziggy, suffering from a small case of ‘Fish called Wanda‘ syndrome, asked me time and again.. “why arent we going to Noto? Italian men with Italian accents are telling me I should go to Noto”. And so its back to To Noto. And while in beautiful but Baroque Disney Landish Noto, escaping the heat inside that stunning Cathedral (picture below), another thought crossed my mind. Instead of having lunch in Baroque Disney, we will have lunch at the old fishing village of Marzememi, 20 minutes away. Its been 36 hours since our last seafood meal, and my left arm is starting to twitch ever so slightly.
The old village of Marzamemi, a sleeping beauty, where once tuna was trapped and tortured by the numbers. One of the first and most important ‘Tonnaras’ on the island, though the practice is no more (Thanks Obama!). Today, two shirtless men collect two euros to watch your car, restaurants are lined up along the shore, and the old center is now as picturesque as fishing villages get. Surprisingly fairly quiet during the day, even in the high summer. Action picks up at night I was told by our host at Modica. And nice sandy beaches (a luxury on this island) are minutes away in San Lorenzo
But the highlight of the day, as often is the case in Italy, was lunch at Al Boccone. A huge deck overlooking the ocean, with an English speaking young waiter who really cared about our enjoyment. We found this common all over Sicily – owners, workers were grateful and humble that YOU chose THEM, and they are on a mission for you not to regret. An appetizer mix of local specialties including a fine smoked swordfish. Another assortment of cheese and salami was forgettable. Calamari Siciliano was a revelation of sorts, two huge squid stuffed with bread crumbs, more squid, pine nuts and more deliciousness, served in a stew like fashion with tomato and onions. Excellent fresh grilled Amberjack was like a more succulent swordfish. A Busiate-like Trofie (surprised to see Trofie pasta in the part) with tomatoes, basil, pistachio, big shrimp, little shrimp, medium shrimp (top picture) was well balanced and quite exceptional. The one dish I didn’t care for much was spaghetti with bottarga, which tasted incredibly strong after sampling the other dishes (tho oldest didnt mind so much). Fantastic lunch in a most picturesque village






































































